Editorial: La Vanguardia

• The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 marked the beginning of a unipolar era led by the United States.
• US hegemony translated into almost uncontested leadership in political, military and economic arenas.
• The US faces challenges to its dominance from China and resurgent Russia.
• The emergence of populist nationalism and authoritarian figures challenge international institutions.
• New multinational bodies such as the BRICS offer a counterweight to Western institutions.
• The contemporary world is multipolar with emerging powers like India, South Africa, Turkey and Brazil.
• A multipolar world presents more complex diplomacy and risks of instability.
• Conflicts and wars multiply in a multipolar world with the US, China, and Russia as main actors.
• The hostility between traditional and emerging powers in different areas makes it difficult to consolidate stable multipolarity.

Conclusion: The world has evolved from a unipolar hegemony to a turbulent multipolarity, where conflicts and instability abound. However, the world order continues in transformation, and it remains unclear whether multipolarity is a passing stage or a permanent feature.

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